E:\Notes Of M Com 2\Converted Pdf Notes\International Business 1. International Business by M.Iqbal 1 AN OVERVIEW Objectives: To define international. Rick Smolan, creator of the “Day in the Life” photography series, is planning a project later this year, “The Human Face of Big Data,” documenting the collection and uses of data. Smolan is an enthusiast, saying.The Arms Trade is Big Business — Global Issues. The world spends some $1,0. How is this so? World Military Spending Out Does Anything Else. As detailed further on the next page on military expenditure, world military spending has now reached one trillion dollars, close to Cold War levels. As summarized from the Military Balance, 2. International Institute for Strategic Studies (October 2. Arms procurement is normally 2. The main portion is usually on operations, maintenance and personnel. Some 4. 0 to 5. 0 billion dollars are in actual deliveries, (that is, the delivery of sales, which can be many years after the initial contract is signed)Each year, around 3. In more recent years, annual sales of arms have risen to around $5. Back to top. Arms sales figures. Every year, the U. S. Congressional Research Service releases an authoritative report looking at arms transfers to the developing world. The latest report (as of writing), released August 2. Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations, 2. These reports are also known as the Grimmett Report, after the author, Richard F. They provide insight into where the arms are going. The following breakdowns are based on this report. Global Arms Sales By Supplier Nations. The 5 UN Security Council permanent members are generally the largest arms dealers (though others such as Germany often feature quite high - higher than China for example): Global Arms Sales Trends 2. Developing countries are the main recipients of arms sales: Developing nations are top recipients. The Grimmett Report also notes that,Developing nations continue to be the primary focus of foreign arms sales activity by weapons suppliers though most arms are supplied by just 2 or 3 major suppliers. Despite the global economic climate, major purchases continue to be made by a select few developing nations in these regions, principally India in Asia, and Saudi Arabia in the Middle East. Saudi Arabia and India’s large spending reflects their modernization efforts since the 1. The strength of individual economies of a wide range of nations in the developing world continues to be a significant factor in the timing of many of their arms purchasing decisions. Increases in the price of oil, while an advantage for major oil producing states in funding their arms purchases, has, simultaneously, caused economic difficulties for many oil consuming states, contributing to their decisions to curtail or defer new weapons acquisitions. A number of less affluent developing nations have chosen to upgrade while reducing new purchases. For arms suppliers, despite the impact the global economic situation has had recently on sales, a number of weapons- exporting nations have increased competition for sales, going into areas and regions they may not have previously been prominent. Competition between sellers will only intensify due to the limits for growth, Grimmet also notes. 2014 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture Opportunities and challenges FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2014. This report published in conjunction with Harvard's Kennedy School and Business Fights Poverty, entitled, Business and the United Nations: Working together towards the Sustainable Development Goals: A Framework for Action. NPR's Ari Shapiro talks with Gabriel Zucman, author of The Hidden Wealth of Nations, about the leaked Panama papers and what they say about the practice of hiding money offshore worldwide. He's estimated that up to. Although recent years were showing a sign of declining sales, 2. US, whose massive sales to Saudi Arabia distorted an otherwise downward trend in arms sales. Many Middle East countries purchase arms from the US which became the prime supplier to the region after the 1. Persian Gulf crisis, the report notes. In more recent years, concerns (real or exaggerated) over Iran have contributed to further purchases in addition to military modernization programs. Just ten developing nation recipients of arms sales accounted for 6. What is sold? The Grimmett Report describes items counted in the weapons categories as follows: Tanks and Self- propelled Guns: This category includes light, medium, and heavy tanks; self- propelled artillery; self- propelled assault guns. Artillery: This category includes field and air defense artillery, mortars, rocket launchers and recoilless rifles — 1. FROG launchers — 1. Armored Personnel Carriers (APCs) and Armored Cars: This category includes personnel carriers, armored and amphibious; armored infantry fighting vehicles; armored reconnaissance and command vehicles. Major Surface Combatants: This category includes aircraft carriers, cruisers, destroyers, frigates. Minor Surface Combatants: This category includes minesweepers, subchasers, motor torpedo boats, patrol craft, motor gunboats. Submarines: This category includes all submarines, including midget submarines. Guided Missile Patrol Boats: This category includes all boats in this class. Supersonic Combat Aircraft: This category includes all fighter and bomber aircraft designed to function operationally at speeds above Mach 1. Subsonic Combat Aircraft: This category includes all fighter and bomber aircraft designed to function operationally at speeds below Mach 1. Other Aircraft: This category includes all other fixed- wing aircraft, including trainers, transports, reconnaissance aircraft, and communications/utility aircraft. Helicopters: This category includes all helicopters, including combat and transport. Surface- to- air Missiles: This category includes all ground- based air defense missiles. Surface- to- surface Missiles: This category includes all surface- surface missiles without regard to range, such as Scuds and CSS- 2s. It excludes all anti- tank missiles. It also excludes all anti- ship missiles, which are counted in a separate listing. Anti- ship Missiles: This category includes all missiles in this class such as the Harpoon, Silkworm, Styx and Exocet.— Richard F. Grimmett, Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations, 2. A Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, August 2. Back to top. As world trade globalizes, so does the trade in arms. Control Arms is a campaign jointly run by Amnesty International, International Action Network on Small Arms (IANSA) and Oxfam. In a detailed report titled, Shattered Lives, they highlight that arms are fueling poverty and suffering, and is also out of control. In addition,The lack of arms controls allows some to profit from the misery of others. While international attention is focused on the need to control weapons of mass destruction, the trade in conventional weapons continues to operate in a legal and moral vacuum. More and more countries are starting to produce small arms, many with little ability or will to regulate their use. Permanent UN Security Council members—the USA, UK, France, Russia, and China—dominate the world trade in arms. Most national arms controls are riddled with loopholes or barely enforced. Key weaknesses are lax controls on the brokering, licensed production, and 'end use' of arms. Arms get into the wrong hands through weak controls on firearm ownership, weapons management, and misuse by authorised users of weapons.— The Arms Bazaar, Shattered Lives, Chapter 4, p. Control Arms Campaign, October 2. The top five countries profiting from the arms trade are the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council: the USA, UK, France, Russia, and China. From 1. 99. 8 to 2. USA, the UK, and France earned more income from arms sales to developing countries than they gave in aid. The arms industry is unlike any other. It operates without regulation. It suffers from widespread corruption and bribes. And it makes its profits on the back of machines designed to kill and maim human beings. So who profits most from this murderous trade? The five permanent members of the UN Security Council—the USA, UK, France, Russia, and China. Together, they are responsible for eighty eight per cent of reported conventional arms exports.“We can’t have it both ways. We can’t be both the world’s leading champion of peace and the world’s leading supplier of arms.” Former US President Jimmy Carter, presidential campaign, 1. The Arms Industry, Control Arms Campaign, October 2. The third world is often the destination for arms sales as the Control Arms Campaign also highlights graphically: In order to make up for a lack of sales from domestic and traditional markets for military equipment, newer markets are being created or sought after. This is vital for the arms corporations and contractors in order to stay afloat. Respect for human rights is often overlooked as arms are sold to known human rights violators. Heavy militarization of a region increases the risk of oppression on local people. Consequently reactions and uprisings from those oppressed may also be violent. The Middle East is a current example, while Latin America is an example from previous decades, where in both cases, democracies or popular regimes have (or had) been overthrown with foreign assistance, and replaced with corrupt dictators or monarchs. Oppression (often violent) and authoritarianism rule has resulted. Sometimes this also itself results in terrorist reactions that lash out at other innocent people. A deeper cycle of violence results. The arms trade may not always be a root cause, because there are often various geopolitical interests etc. However, the sale of arms can be a significant contributor to problems because of the enormous impact of the weapons involved. Furthermore, some oppressive regimes are only too willing purchase more arms under the pretext of their own war against terrorism. In quoting a major international body, six basic points harshly criticizing the practices and impacts of the arms industry are listed below, by J. W. Smith: That the armament firms have been active in fomenting war scares and in persuading their countries to adopt warlike policies and to increase their armaments. That armament firms have attempted to bribe government officials, both at home and abroad. That armament firms have disseminated false reports concerning the military and naval programs of. That armament firms have sought to influence public opinion through the control of newspapers in their own and foreign countries. That armament firms have organized international armament rings through which the armament race has been accentuated by playing off one country against another. That armament firms have organized international armament trusts which have increased the price of armaments sold to governments.— J.
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